Friday, December 27, 2019

Robert Frost Home Burial - The Three Tragedies of Home...

The Three Tragedies of Home Burial Robert Frost’s Home Burial is a narrative poem that speaks of life’s tragedies. The theme of Home Burial† centers around the death of a child. During the time period in which the poem is set, society dictated that men did not show their feelings. Therefore, men dealt with conflicts by working hard and being domineering. Home Burial demonstrates how one tragedy can cause another to occur. The unnamed couple in this poem has lost a baby to death. The mother grieves openly, and it could be said that she has never recovered from this loss; bereaved parents never forget, but most people in this position gradually work out a way of dealing with their grief, and go on with their lives.†¦show more content†¦And at very end of the poem, he ask, Where do you mean to go? First tell me that. / I’ll follow and bring you back by force. I will! (21-22). In between he seems sincerely anxious to learn how to communicate with his wife, and he ask for her help, but there is a tremendous wall of resentment in her way. The man has indeed been insensitive to his wife’s grief and singularly slow in divining the cause and extent of her resentment (Barry 77). One grants that the husband is considerably less than tactful, but he has spoken from deep stress and anxiety. The wife, on the other hand, is going through an extremely difficult time emotionally and she needs support and compassion, which she does not feel she is getting from her husband. Twice during the poem she starts to leave the house, and twice the husband delays her, by asking her not to Amy! Don’t go to someone else this time. / Don’t carry it to someone else this time. (39 and 57). At first the reader might assume she is having and affair, but in the context of the poem it seems more likely that she is going simply to a friend or a relative, probably a woman, to discuss with them the topic she cannot bring herself to broach her own husband. Struggling to restrain himself, the husband sits down, speaking and reflecting on the fact that his wife goes to other people with her troubles instead of discussing them with him (Marcus 47). At lastShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Home Burial1496 Words   |  6 PagesRobert Owen Marjory Thrash Eng 1123 V02 13 April 2009 Analysis of â€Å"Home Burial† Many of Robert Frost’s poems and short stories are a reflection of his personal life and events. Frost’s short story â€Å"Home Burial† emulates his experience living on a farm and the death of two of his sons. Frost gives an intimate view into the life and mind of a married couples’ struggle with grief and the strain it causes to their marriage. The characters Frost describes are synonymous, physically and emotionally,Read MoreAnalysis Of Robert Frost s Home Burial And The Death Of The Hired Man 2384 Words   |  10 Pages THESIS STATEMENT Robert Frost, an American poet during the Nineteenth Century, Modernist Era, displayed the issues of realism through his life issues of death and spousal relations through his poems: â€Å"Home Burial† and â€Å"The Death of the Hired Man†. INTRODUCTION Robert Frost’s inspiration for his poetry derived from much of his life and the historical events that surrounded him. American literary critic, Harold Bloom wrote in his Bloom’s Major Poets, â€Å"Robert Frost is one of the major American poets†¦inRead MoreRobert Frost s Life Through Poetry1745 Words   |  7 PagesMarch 23, 2016 Robert Frost Reflects Life Through Poetry It is easy to express your emotions, and feelings through poetry. Which is exactly what Robert Frost has done through his entire career. Each poem Robert Frost has written, has meaning behind it all. He has gone through an extreme amount of events, and tragedies in his life. Frost has been through an unimaginable amount of losses, deaths, and loneliness throughout his years. Throughout his life his poetry has had a huge impact on him, the situationsRead MoreComparison and Contrast How Death Effects Lives of Men and Women671 Words   |  3 Pagesthis factor is missing in a couples relationship they will not be able to recover from this tragedy, and it will have further negative effects such as separation and stress. The poem, Home Burial, is a clear example of how the couple could not recover from the loss of their child due to the lack of communication. In spite of the fact that the characters in the poem are imaginary people, Robert Frost portrayed his personal life events in thos e characters lives. The unexpected death of a childRead MoreThe Poems Home Burial By Robert Frost And The River Merchant s Wife1097 Words   |  5 PagesThe poems Home Burial by Robert Frost and The River Merchant’s Wife: A Letter by Ezra Pound have related themes. In both poems, the themes that are brought out by these renowned poets have a similar discourse. Home burial is a poem that centers on a wife and her husband who are in agony after losing their first child. The wife is agitated and is on the brink of going out of marriage. She dislikes the apathy in which her husband views the death of their first born. On the other hand, the husband isRead MoreEssay on An Assessment of the Poetry of Robert Frost2857 Words   |  12 Pages beauty and innocence in human life is much the same as the years progress. Robert Lee Frost uses nature in such a profound approach; every aspect of nature can someway correlate with any characteristic of life. Whether it is the beauty in natu re signifying the joy and happiness that every person experiences, or it be the traumatic losses and disappointments that may lead to ultimate failure or destruction, Robert Frost illustrates life, love and loss in the most natural and beautiful way feasibleRead MoreLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 Pagestaunted him on the way home from school, but many new friends defended him. In school, Langston became a popular leader because he made excellent grades and got along with everyone. Soon, Carrie left Langston with Grandmother Mary again so that she could look for work. Meals at Grandmother Marys often consisted of nothing more than salt pork and dandelion greens plucked from the yard. When a mortgage payment came due, and there was no food in the house, she rented her home to college students.Read MoreThe Ballad of the Sad Cafe46714 Words   |  187 PagesThe Ballad of the Sad Cafà © and Other Stories by Carson McCullers Back Cover: When she was only twenty-three her first novel, The Heart Is A Lonely Hunter, created a literary sensation. She is very special, one of America s superlative writers who conjures up a vision of existence as terrible as it is real, who takes us on shattering voyages into the depths of the spiritual isolation that underlies the human condition. A grotesque human triangle in a primitive Southern town. . . A youngRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 PagesETHICS 485 The Tylenol Tragedies 487 14 MANAGING SCOPE CHANGES 515 Denver International Airport (DIA) 517 15 WAGE AND SALARY ADMINISTRATION 561 Photolite Corporation (A) 563 Photolite Corporation (B) 566 Photolite Corporation (C) 569 Photolite Corporation (D) 574 First Security Bank of Cleveland Jackson Industries 583 580 16 TIME MANAGEMENT 587 Time Management Exercise 589 17 INDUSTRY SPECIFIC: CONSTRUCTION 613 Robert L. Frank Construction CompanyRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesIntuition 175 †¢ Common Biases and Errors in Decision Making 177 Influences on Decision Making: Individual Differences and Organizational Constraints 184 Individual Differences 184 †¢ Organizational Constraints 186 What About Ethics in Decision Making? 187 Three Ethical Decision Criteria 187 †¢ Improving Creativity in Decision Making 188 Summary and Implications for Managers 190 S A S A S A L L L Self-Assessment Library What Are My Gender Role Perceptions? 166 glOBalization! Chinese Time, North American

Thursday, December 19, 2019

Evaluation Of A Case Study - 1571 Words

Analysis of a case study Background information about this client in this case study is as followers. The patient is a 30 year old female who has been experiencing signs and symptoms of weakness, numbness, visual disturbances and mood swings over for couple months now. Since client symptoms were becoming a repetition, so CT test was done and the result confirmed a demyelination of the white matter of brain and spinal cord, helping the doctor to conclude this is a factor to why the client is experiences this neurological deficits. Client doctor prescribed her Prednisone which has a positive affect helping to confirm the client diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis. Researchers have concluded that Multiple Sclerosis occurs whereby the†¦show more content†¦The Client symptoms confirm that she is experiencing a Relapsing Remitting. Physiology Individual body functions with the nervous system. The nervous system is divided into two parts, central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system consists of brain and spinal cord while the peripheral nervous system consists of the nerves, such as cranial nerves. The cranial nerves job is to connect the central nervous system to the different types of organs in the body. Our neurons consist of cells which hold the genetic information needed to make protein. Dendrites receive impulses from other cells at the synapses and transmit them to the cell body. Axons carry outgoing information to target cells. Neuron has only one axon that includes Axon Hillock. Axon Hillock is the originate place for action potential; Axon collaterals are the branches of axon; Axon terminals which are the sites of neurotransmitter release myelin sheath. The body neuron usually generates an electrical signal and this result in the release of neurotransmitter. The neurotransmitter purpose is to serve as a chemical messenger that enables cell communication among other cells. Myelin sheath is insulation that wraps around the each axon for about 20 to 200 times. Their segments are significantly separated from each other by node of Ranvier, and the Myelin sheath function to increase the conduction velocity of action potentials. Myelin can be produce in either the CNS or the

Tuesday, December 10, 2019

Conduct a Mkt Audit free essay sample

StrategyPg. 11 Marketing Organisation AuditPg. 11 Formal StructurePg. 11 Functional EfficiencyPg. 11 Interface EfficiencyPg. 12 Marketing System AuditPg. 12 Marketing System InformationPg. 12 Marketing Planning SystemPg. 12 Marketing Control SystemPg. 12 New Product Development SystemPg. 12 Marketing Productivity AuditPg. 13 Profitability AnalysisPg. 13 Cost-Effectiveness AnalysisPg. 13 Marketing Function AuditPg. 13 ProductsPg. 13 PricePg. 13 DistributionPg. 13 Sales ForcePg. 14 AdvertisingPg. 14 Conclusions and RecommendationsPg. 14 Report Title:Sarto’s Gourmet Plaza Prepared for:This report was prepared for Sarto’s Gourmet Plaza Prepared by: The report was prepared by a research company, in company with Ready-Made Marketing. Date:This report was completed in December 2008 Purpose of Report:Ready-made marketing engages a conduct a marketing audit on their client, Sarto’s Gourmet Pasta. The audit is to cover macro and micro environmental factors, and the internal marketing operations including the marketing organisation, systems and productivity. Sarto’s will make available existing research data, internal sales data and details of their supply chain logistics. The purpose of this audit is to research the Graceville trading area and its place in the wider Australian community, while specifically targeting the pasta restaurant trade. Priority of the audit is to uncover the key factors that have inhibited the client’s ability to achieve the objectives of the market plan. The audit is to make findings in relation to the marketing plan, culminating in a report that compares the marketing plan assumptions with actual findings. It is expected that the report will follow the outline of the marketing plan. Macro Environmental Factors Economic Factors| Based on economic forecasts, Sarto’s Gourmet Pasta assumes that interest rates are coming down and that this reduction will create more disposable income and more money available for families to eat out. In terms of available credit, Sarto’s assumes that this will not change in the foreseeable future and will not be a threat to the potential sales. The same assumption is made about employment levels, where Sarto’s assumes that unemploymentlevels remain the same at 5. 1%. | Demographic Factors| Male and female. * Ages 25? 0, this is the segment that makes up 53% of the Graceville market according to the Graceville Chamber of Commerce. * Young professionals who live close to the location. * Have attended secondary and have further education. * An income over $60,000. The target market tends to eat out several times a week and also tend to patronize higher quality restaurants. | Technological Factors| Non Applicable| Soc ial Factors| The number of hours of the demographic is working is increasing. Over the last five years the number of hours spent at work of their archetype customer has significantly increased. As the number of work hours increases, there is a high correlation of people that eat out at restaurants. This is intuitively explained by the fact that with a limited number of hours available each day, people have less time to prepare their meals and eating out is one way to maximize their time. | Political – Legal Factors| From research carried out, Sarto’s identify that the government focus and emphasis in future legislative direction will be about ‘work/life balance’, which Sarto’s see a positive for their business model. Sarto’s, as a business operating in Australia, will abide by the law in all its dealings and comply with legislation that impacts on its business activities. | Micro Environmental Factors Market| In 2008, the global pasta market reached $10 billion dollars. Pasta sales are estimated to grow by at least 10% for the next few years. This growth can be attributed to several different factors. While not all pasta is ‘good for you’, particularly the cream? based sauces, pasta can be very tasty. Sarto’s sees no real substitute for what it provides – ‘Impossible to substitute this taste and offer’, according to Sarto’s owner and founder, M. Sarto. | Customers| High customer loyalty among repeat customers. The reason for this trend is that within the last couple of years the restaurant offerings have increased, providing customers with new choices. Restaurant patrons no longer need toaccept a limited number of options. With more choices, patrons have become more sophisticated. This trend is intuitive as you can observe a more sophisticated restaurant patron in larger city markets such as Sydney or Melbourne where there are more choices available. Sarto’s strongly believe that customers are more interested in exotic taste than any other issue. This will be why they shop with them and become loyal patrons. | Competitors| Apart of the national competitors, Sarto’s have the local competitors where this audit is based:Stella: This is an upscale Italian restaurant that has a limited selection of pasta dishes. Although, the selection is limited and pricey, the dishes are quite good. Peri Pasta: An Italian restaurant with a decent pasta selection, however quality is inconsistent. Niccolo: An upscale restaurant with a large wine selection and good salads. Everything else is mediocre at best and over-priced. Service can often be poor. Sarto’s do not see the competitor changing their marketing strategy or product offer in the foreseeable future. | Suppliers| Ready supply of organic food in the area not like other states| Distributors / Dealers| Non applicable| Scope of the Report: Audit Type:It is and internal and external, to cover macro and micro environmental factors, including the marketing operations, marketing system and productivity as well. Timing:While the marketing plan is in action. It’s expected that the report will follow the outline of the marketing plan. Personnel: Name| Role| Information| 1. Mario Sarto| Owner of Sarto’s Gourmet Plaza| Who could provide reasons behind the decisions and directions given| 2. Eric Yeung| Accountant of Sarto’s Gourmet Plaza| Who could provide financial data on costings and profiability| 3. Adriana Como| Sales amp; Promotion of Sarto’s Gourmet Plaza| Who could helpt with the internal operational problems with the marketing process. | 4. Rose Ready| Owner of Ready-Made Marketing| Who provided the marketing plan and research data for use in the audit report. | Audit Methodology: The best way for collecting data in this case is the primary collection, trough questionnaires, interviews, observations and focus groups to underlying reasons and motivations for people’s attitudes in order to Sarto’s Gourmet objectives and expectations. However, the secondary data collection is also an important source of information regards to competitors from Graceville. Having access at Restaurant Association, we can have qualitative data with competitive analyses. As a quantitative data, we find timely information regarding others restaurants with the same service offering. Characteristics of the Audit: Marketing Environment Audit: Macro Environment: Economic Factors| This element is necessary, because could explain to this report if the way of spending money of the customers is still the same as predicted in the marketing plan or if there was any changes in their income and needs. | Demographic Factors| Yes, it was necessary to cross the data about the target market. | Technological Factors| Yes, looked through research reports from Australian Treasury trends and information about current levels of credit availability, and innovations about packages could be found. Social Factors| Yes, it was necessary in terms of attitudes and values which affects their relationship with the Sarto’s Gourmet Plaza. | Political – legal Factors| As the same situations as technological factors, previous researches was found in terms of employees conditions. Mario also spoke about the fact that the government had not built the ‘Park amp; Ride’ pa rking area as planned and had stopped the project for another year. This Mario said had a big impact on people having access to the restaurant at night. | Micro Environment: Market| No changes in the market were found. | Customers| According to the focus group, there was a consensus among the participants about the preference in take away and eat at home than eat out. | Competitors| Mario Sarto explained that Stella’s, one of his local competitors, had built a large 30 seat outdoor eating area and that it seemed to be full every time he went past and looked in. Also one of the franchise chains, Pasta Bite, had opened up in the adjacent suburb giving the local customers greater options in pasta. | Suppliers| It wasn’t necessary. | Distributors / Dealers| It wasn’t necessary. | Marketing Strategy Audit: Marketing Objectives| Yes, to outline the report audit with the marketing objectives intended in the marketing plan. | Strategy| Yes, it was important for identifying and analysing the target market, and determining how to meet the need of the market. For example, the great customer service is not being reached as planned for Sarto’s. | Marketing Organisation Audit: Formal Structure| Yes, it was necessary for the audit report. When talked with Rose Ready of Ready-Made Marketing, she spoke for a while about Ready-Made Marketing’s role with the owner Mario Sarto and the fact that he made all the decisions relating to the marketing, and mostly without any consultation with them. Rose accepted the position but feel that it was not always in the best interests of Sarto’s business or its customers. Adriana was in charge of the sales and promotions for Sarto’s but worked as a supervisor in the kitchen as well. She admitted that her skills and qualifications were more in kitchen management than sales, but Mario had asked her to carry out this function. Functional Efficiency| Yes, it was necessary for the audit report. According to the Rose, for instance, Mario had rejected the idea of converting the take away ordering system to the new internet based technology. Her own experience was that the staffs, while being very competent cooks, were not skilled in telephone sales anyway. | Interface Eff iciency| Yes, it was necessary for the audit report. Adriana said one of the biggest problems was that the phone ordering system was constructed in the kitchen next to the cook with the most responsibility to compile and check every meal. She said it created real logistics problems in dealing with take away orders. | Marketing System Audit: Marketing System Information| As seen in this marketing audit, Ready-Made Marketing use some of the following reports to obtain findings on the demographic, economic, ethical, geographic, political/legal/, social/cultural, technological influences. In a comment about new product development, Adriana Como explained that there were was plenty of research available in the Restaurant Association’s monthly magazine, but Mario just left that for magazine for the staff in the lunch room and never consulted it. Marketing Planning System| Yes, it was necessary for the report. For example when Sarto’s had to drop the prices on pasta products due to two other competitors close to him, giving the local customers greater options in pasta. | Marketing Control System| Yes, it was also necessary, however, no one efficiently control system was found. | New Product Development System| According to the marketing plan, new products would be developed on a regular basis in thine with menu changes which is targeted at every three months. The plan for product testing is to offer ‘free meals’ to regular customers, staff and their families. By getting feedback from these people, changes can be made or products ‘canned’ so that only tested and proven products make it onto the menu list. However, new products were developed based on Mario’s assessment of how exotic the new product was or how easy it was to make. Mario felt that testing new products by giving them away was too costly and counterproductive to increasing sales. | Marketing Productivity Audit: Profitability Analysis| According to the financial analysis from 2009 the take away business was really growing and not the family group specials that Mario was targeting with his advertising in Bmag. Segment Budget – 2009 Actual – 2009 Individuals 120,000 121,000 Families 150,000 112,000 Take away 180,000 203,000 Total 450,000 436,000 | Cost – Effectiveness Analysis| With the prices on pasta dropped down, the accountant said that pasta gross profit % was only 45%. Mario explained that his strategy to deal with the slow sales was to make the flyers more single product promotion rather than promoting the band and the assortment offer. As far as Mario was concerned advertising and promotion should be directed at getting next week’s sales and nothing more. When Mario spoke about the flyer, Eric said that there had been a huge increase in flyer unit costs. He believed it was the short print runs and the use of full gloss colour that was causing it. Mario explained that he needed the high gloss to show his pasta to the best advantage and short print runs because he was offering different ‘specials’ every week. | Marketing Function Audit: Products| Yes, it was necessary and according with this audit, there was no complaining about the product offered by Sarto’s Gourmet. According to the focus group from the local community, the group want convenience products and more healthy options. | Price| Yes, it was necessary. According to the focus group, some customers questioned the ethics of Sarto’s Gourmet Pasta, who charged more for delivery into the neighbouring ‘gated estate’ than to every other home delivery customer. | Distribution| Sarto’s food distributed through a take away model where customers can phone in their order and come to the restaurant to pick it up, come into the restaurant, place the take out order and wait for it to be completed, or come in and dine at the restaurant. However, according to the focus group, customers want to order via the internet and not be stressed out by the phone system with its delays and difficult to understand accents and noise. | Sales Force| When the group was asked about it, they had commented: â€Å"They may be great cooks, but they don’t know how to handle telephone sales†. | Advertising| According to the marketing plan, the most successful advertising would be adverts and inserts in the BMag as well as a PR campaign of informational articles and reviews also within the BMag. Promotions would be taken the form of in restaurant entertainment and ‘free meal’ giveaways. Heavy emphasis on promoting the brand and not just advertising products. As Rose Ready from Ready-Made Marketing, there was no write up of the business at all for the entire first year, and she indicated that Mario believed that all the business needed was the delivery of regular flyers in local letterboxes, but according to Rose the feedback from the surveys showed that the majority of customers thought that flyers were mostly junk mail anyway. | Conclusions and Recommendations: In conclusion, the main points of the report are about: * The customers preference in take away and eat at home rather than eat out, which is different from what was explained in the marketing plan. * The take away business is more profitable than the individuals and families products. * Customers want to order via the internet and not be stressed out by the phone system with its delays and difficult to understand accents and noise. * It would be necessary to convert the take away ordering system to the new internet based technology. Customers prefer fewer flyers which they saw as ‘junk mail’, and the flyer should be more informative about the ingredients and offer a full menu. According to these statements, in the near future, Sarto’s Gourmet Plaza should improve their take away system for an internet base and also create an organogram with roles and responsibilities for each area. Who would be responsible to look after the kitche n, for the marketing and sales and also to coordinate the only take away orders. Also, an appropriate and often way of advertising the products is need. According to the marketing plan, Sarto’s Gourmet Plaza should advertise at BMag magazine, as well as a PR campaign of informational articles and reviews. The use of research data should be used before take any decisions. Another important point is the way to develop new products. The plan for product testing should be followed by offering ‘free meals’ to regular customers, staff and their families and getting real feedbacks, instead of be developed by Mario Sarto’s opinion of how easy is to make it or how exotic it could looks like.

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

The Role of Women in the US Society of the 17th century

Introduction The role of women in society is a subject that has been in the debating chambers for a long time since women started agitating for equal rights with men. Feminists have conducted a strong campaign over this period to put women on the same plane as men due to the major inequalities that exist between the two genders.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Role of Women in the American Society of the 17th century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Society has been divided for a long time along gender lines, with men coming up as the stronger gender overall while women come in second as the weaker gender. The gender divide has been defined by the physical strength of both genders, with the stronger one dominating the weaker class. Physical strength in both men and women is attributed to physiological features of either gender, with men coming out on top. This has traditionally set the pace for roles in society as men take the difficult tasks while women assume the lesser difficult tasks. However, the situation is changing with time, with the divide of gender roles getting thinner and thinner by the day. The present-day woman has many more roles that were initially meant for men. The trend shows a departure from the past. The America of the seventeenth century brings out the evolution of a woman’s role by showing how the world has been working hard to break from the past punitive laws that suppressed the woman. As the paper reveals, the role of women in America was then a replica of the role of other women especially in Britain where it was well documented. The American experience was the first crack in breaking from the past. The Place of Women in the 17th Century At Home During the 17th century, the woman’s role was strictly defined to the sense that women were subordinate to men while at home. A girl who was not married belonged to her father while a woman who was married belonged to her husband (Ben-Yehuda 2). Women in America had a role in keeping the home and/or being responsible for the home when men had gone out either to hunt, to fight in war, or to meet fellow men in their drinking joints. As Ben-Yehuda finds, the experiences of the seventeenth century American woman were not too far from those of the European woman in terms of societal responsibilities and treatment (2). The woman was responsible for taking care of the children during their young age by being responsible for all their day-to-day needs. During this time, there was no place for children around men because the children were the responsibility for women. They were supposed to ensure that the whole family and children had enough meals. The woman had a great responsibility in the kitchen where she was in charge of preparing meals. On the other hand, men had a role in the bigger picture of securing food for the family in terms of going to the farm, herding animals, and h unting.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When the man came home from the fields, he would give whatever food he has come back with to the woman who would then prepare it as the day’s meal or preserve it for future use. Dressmaking was a preserve of women during the 17th century America. To this extent, all girls were taught in their early ages how to knit. Girls were trained during their young ages while at home by their mothers on how to become good women, and hence good wives. According to Fara, most girls in families lacked the education their brothers had because they had been taught the domestic skills that their parents felt were necessary for attracting a wealthy husband (53). The seventeenth century saw the role of the American woman adjust compared to that of the European woman because the American woman acquired more roles in society together with a little bit m ore liberty during this period. However, this did not lead to a complete change. In fact, the little change observed can be attributed to the fact that America was a haven for liberal minds that had moved away to express their liberal thinking. Acts such as witch-hunting against women did not stop because the largest proportion of people accused of witchcraft was women (Ben-Yehuda 15). Women were supposed to be subservient to their men while at home and anywhere else because the man of the home was referred to as the master. The most interesting bit about gender roles is that they are universal since they have been spread around the world like a common law for all humanity. Almost all roles played by women at home were replicated all over the world without any form of communication, thus coming out as a natural phenomenon (Zaher 462). Many communities in the world have abandoned their traditional practices that used to define gender roles by opening up to giving women more freedom a nd more roles that were previously the preserve of men. The traditional 17th century America depicts the role of the woman at home as a cook and a house cleaner. The most significant role of women in the American society at that time was giving birth to children because by so doing they were providing an heir to the man. The man could not act as the head of the family if his wife has not born him children since children were a source of pride for both the man and woman. Childbirth as a natural role of a woman was an event that was celebrated. It was not done in the privacy. During childbirth, other women came to witness it as some kind of spectacle. The pressure on a woman to have children can be traced from the day the woman was married because the community would start counting days since then as they expected her to conceive immediately after she got married. Other women and the community as a whole would always spite a barren woman. She would be shunned at public places such as market places where people would go to buy their household goods. In most instances, the woman of the 17th century America had the burden of carrying the blame even when it was not her fault. When a marriage could not produce a child, the woman was always blamed to the extent of being called a witch (Ben-Yehuda 12). The woman in this era was supposed to be unblemished in her ways. Adultery was a shameful and punishable offence.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Role of Women in the American Society of the 17th century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Just like the Muslim society, the man in the adulterous act was never followed up as it was done to the woman. Thus, the burden of chastity was on the woman to bear. The law governing an American woman in the seventeenth century was the same law that was being used in Britain from where most American immigrants had come in their pursuit of a different lif e. The American woman was more liberal compared to the British woman. However, her life was supposed to be confined to her home under her husband. America of the seventeenth century relied heavily on the English common law because it was on this basis that lawyers were trained and ready to exercise their law by studying the Blackstone’s commentaries. Under this British imported law, a woman’s ownership of property was limited to her marital status (Zaher 461). A widow was allowed to inherit the property left behind by her husband. She would become the administrator of the estate in case her husband passed on. A single woman and a widow were identified as entities on their own. Thus, they could sell property, enter contracts, sue, and/or be sued. Married women could not enjoy these rights because they were supposed to be under their husbands. Thus, anything owned in the home would belong to their husbands and not the wife. America’s laws varied over different per iods. Thus, women had varied roles during the different periods and in the different respective places (Zaher 461). Therefore, the role of a woman in the seventeenth century America cannot be painted in a single color because it was mosaic in nature. When comparing the role of women in America then with the role of women in Britain during the same period, American women’s roles come out more expanded than that of their British counterparts. The Religious Role of Women Religion had a very special role in society because it defined the moral fabric that informed societal ethics. During this period, Christianity was the main religion in Europe and in America to where people were migrating. Christianity was divided into Catholicism and protestant groups, which had very bold lines between them. The society then was informed in its ethical values by the bible, which advocated for people who observed chastity. Women were expected to be chaste in their moral behavior because the bibl e advised so even in the case of Mary the mother of Jesus who was supposed to be the role model for women in society. The woman’s role in religious matters was highly restricted, with women simply playing a peripheral role. In catholic societies, the closest women who came into religious leadership or affairs were through the catholic nuns whose work was simply to assist the priests in conducting the mass. Beyond this, they were highly restricted in their work and movement. Ben-Yehuda reveals, â€Å"Women were cast as either powerful instruments of God or Satan† (15).Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Women had a role in upholding societal values that would be transferred to their children as future members of society because upbringing of children was a gender role bestowed on women by society (Coontz 289). Furthermore, during this period, the definition of a woman was based on the bible, with the woman being referred to as the weaker vessel that was supposed to submit to the man (Coontz 289). Christian theology of that the time required women to submit to the guidance of men because women were supposedly powerless and that they could not stand by themselves. The American society of the seventeenth century was a religious community that was guided in many things by the bible due to its Christian leanings. Zaher quotes the book of Genesis chapter three verse six, which says that a woman â€Å"shall be for her husband who shall rule over her† (461). This simply shows where the society was borrowing its leaf while dealing with women. The protestant churches were more restric tive in the roles of women in religion because they were not allowed to play any roles in the church other than singing during the service. Women were required o go to church every Sunday. Besides, they were supposed to dress according to the occasion because the dressing defined them. Women were subjected to all kinds of punishment during this period as a way of putting them on a leash (Coontz 289). The ones who did not go to church regularly were branded witches. In the church, the woman’s role was found in cleaning up the church in preparation for the next day’s service. It was the duty of the women in society to ensure that the church was cleaned and/or put in order. Public Role for Women The seventeenth century American woman was subordinate to the man in all aspects of society because the society then was masculine in nature. This spelt dominance of the man over the woman. Women had a very limited role in the public arena in terms of leadership or even speech bec ause they had to play a secondary role to men. Women enjoyed few rights. They were restricted to gender roles as prescribed by society, which restricted them to domestic circles or to remain in private spheres (Zaher 462). Leadership roles were a preserve for men who had been exposed to leadership roles since they were children. Men had the advantage of having education provided by tutors. This education was not for everyone but for children from the well-to-do families. The children of less privileged families had to train early as apprentices as a way of learning how to take care of their families. Whereas boys had tutors hired for them to provide education to the boy, girls had their mothers to train them at home in cooking, needlework, and washing. Some women had their public roles extended in ownership of businesses that they would run at the market place or help their husbands in running the family business. As Zaher informs, â€Å"Women frequently entered the trade arena in colonial America and became craftspeople and merchants† (461). Some women practiced midwifery and medicine, but were not qualified as doctors. They would administer medicine to the sick due to their knowledge of medicine. Women’s appearance in public was also designed because it depended on an individual’s class in society for them to appear in certain forums. The wives of the aristocrats were supposed to accompany their husbands to public functions and were supposed to be dressed accordingly. Women’s opinion in the public sphere had to be restricted because they would be in dire danger if they ever expressed their contrary views publicly especially if the views were political and/or contrary to their husbands’ views. Expression of views was therefore restricted to behind-the-scenes especially if the views questioned the societal stereotyping and beliefs. The seventeenth century America saw women lose their voting rights in all states of America. Th us, they could not participate in political processes (Coontz 293). The most opportunities women had in expressing themselves and more so secretly were through writing of poems. As Fara finds, Tollet used poems and other literary works to express women’s state as a way of hiding her identity (55). This was just among the few literate women who were lucky to get an education. The public role of a woman in the seventeenth century highly depended on her marital status. Married women were never supposed to take public roles because they were automatically under their husbands. The husband was everything for the family while the wife was only supposed to take care of the home and hence the private face of the family. Widowed and/or single women were free from these shackles. Thus, they could express their opinions in public because they were an entity on their own (Zaher 462). The problem with this kind of freedom of expression that these women had acquired was that it would simpl y expose them to malicious accusations from chauvinistic men who would brand them anything, thus leading to their imprisonment or execution. Therefore, taking up public roles by American women of the 17th century was dangerous to their welfare because of the hostile nature of the society. Conclusion The seventeenth Century can be described as one of the periods in history that women faced some of the hardest times concerning their rights. The role of women in the American society has not changed a lot because people have opted to stick to the gender roles as prescribed by society. The paper has given a clear picture of the kind of life that women of the 17th century encountered together with their roles and position in the then American families. The present-day Europe and America still reel in gender roles and stereotyping, which depicts the true picture of the situation on the ground. Affirmative action has been employed selectively as a way of empowering women, thus changing some of the roles that society has given them and/or giving them new roles. In fact, law resolutions of women’s rights in 1632 can be described as the biggest undoing factor for women because it entrenched into the written laws what were previously unwritten, thus disenfranchising them. Men made all laws that control women while they both enforced them. Therefore, women can be described as a self-persecuting group because they would always be on the forefront in watching over the fellow women. Works Cited Ben-Yehuda, Nachman. â€Å"The European Witch Craze Of The 14th To 17th Centuries: A Sociologist’s Perspective.† American Journal of Sociology 86.1(1980): 1-31. Print. Coontz, Stephanie. â€Å"Historical Perspectives on Family Studies.† Journal of Marriage and the Family 6.2 (2000): 283-297. Print. Fara, Patricia. â€Å"Elizabeth Tollet and her Scientific Sisters.† History Today 9.4(2009): 52-59. Print. Zaher, Claudia. When a Woman’s Marital St atus Determined Her Legal Status: A Research Guide on Common Law Doctrine of Coverture. Law Library Journal 94.3(2002): 459-486. Print. This research paper on The Role of Women in the American Society of the 17th century was written and submitted by user Ivy H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Free Essays on Connections Between Humans And Nature

Connection between humans and nature Leslie Marmon Silko authored the book â€Å"Landscape, History, and the Pueblo Imagination†; it focuses the way the Pueblo people look at the world. Silko refers to the way humans and nature is tied together in her writing. In nature, everything has equal and being, because everything comes from a common creator. Schweninger depicts how Native American writing, such as Silko’s, relates to the human and non-human world. Lee Schweninger writes, â€Å"†¦in Native American writing, a sharing motif prevails.† Silko and the Pueblo people show how nature and man are interconnected in several ways, which is just one idea of the sharing motif. Man and nature are interconnected through animals and the survival of the Pueblo people. The Pueblo people had respect for everything that the earth provided for them, including animals and nature. Silko states, â€Å"Nothing is overlooked or taken for granted. Each ant, each lizard, each lark is imbued with great value simply because the creature is there, simply because the creature is alive in a place where any life at all is precious.†(299). The Pueblo people had a tremendous respect and admiration for their environment and all living things. Furthermore, they were good stewards in the use of their physical surroundings. The idea of man and humans being tied together is supported when Silko says, â€Å"Survival depended upon harmony and cooperation not only among human beings, but among all things.†(292). Here, she means that Pueblo depended on each other and nature for their survival. This is tied to the concept on how man and nature are connected to each other through harmony and cooperation. The Pueblo people’s view of the world’s origin reflects how man and nature are interconnected. Silko makes the point that, â€Å"The ancient Pueblo people called the earth the Mother Creator of all thing in this world. Her sister, the Corn Mother,... Free Essays on Connections Between Humans And Nature Free Essays on Connections Between Humans And Nature Connection between humans and nature Leslie Marmon Silko authored the book â€Å"Landscape, History, and the Pueblo Imagination†; it focuses the way the Pueblo people look at the world. Silko refers to the way humans and nature is tied together in her writing. In nature, everything has equal and being, because everything comes from a common creator. Schweninger depicts how Native American writing, such as Silko’s, relates to the human and non-human world. Lee Schweninger writes, â€Å"†¦in Native American writing, a sharing motif prevails.† Silko and the Pueblo people show how nature and man are interconnected in several ways, which is just one idea of the sharing motif. Man and nature are interconnected through animals and the survival of the Pueblo people. The Pueblo people had respect for everything that the earth provided for them, including animals and nature. Silko states, â€Å"Nothing is overlooked or taken for granted. Each ant, each lizard, each lark is imbued with great value simply because the creature is there, simply because the creature is alive in a place where any life at all is precious.†(299). The Pueblo people had a tremendous respect and admiration for their environment and all living things. Furthermore, they were good stewards in the use of their physical surroundings. The idea of man and humans being tied together is supported when Silko says, â€Å"Survival depended upon harmony and cooperation not only among human beings, but among all things.†(292). Here, she means that Pueblo depended on each other and nature for their survival. This is tied to the concept on how man and nature are connected to each other through harmony and cooperation. The Pueblo people’s view of the world’s origin reflects how man and nature are interconnected. Silko makes the point that, â€Å"The ancient Pueblo people called the earth the Mother Creator of all thing in this world. Her sister, the Corn Mother,...

Saturday, November 23, 2019

Critique of Twelve Angry Men Essays

Critique of Twelve Angry Men Essays Critique of Twelve Angry Men Essay Critique of Twelve Angry Men Essay Book Critique: Twelve Angry Men, Reginald Rose and David Mamet The criminal justice system of the United States, when first framed through the U. S. Constitution and Bill of Rights, was a revolutionary breakthrough in contemporary peace-keeping. For fear of becoming like their former governing nation wherein unreasonable trials were held in such a way that numerous individuals accused of criminal acts were not offered a opportunity to demonstrate their innocence or, in some cases, a trial by jury – the framers of the Constitution created a justice system based on the preservation of the rights of the accused, as well as ascertaining an un-biased truth and dealing justice. This brief explanation on the foundation of the U. S. Criminal justice system plays an importance to the piece of literature under criticism. Reginald Rose’s screenplay Twelve Angry Men provides insight into the judicial underbelly of a criminal trial, particularly the rigors of the jury’s decision-making procedure. Many issues to the contemporary justice system are made manifest despite the fact that the entirety of the play, excluding the opening court scene, takes place in a New York City jury room. The scenario of the case being presided over is an â€Å"offense against the person†; a homicide in specific in which, a New York City teenager is accused of fatally stabbing his father. The defendant has a criminal record (and a lot of circumstantial evidence piled against him) and therefore if convicted, the application of the death penalty is mandatory (in this scenario), which obviously should give the presiding jury a sense of pressure, given that a human being’s natural right to freedom and life rests in their unanimous decision. The application of the death penalty in this criminal case may have been just added for dramatic emphasis but the relevance to the modern criminal justice system is what makes an entertaining play plausible. For example, obviously in real criminal court, a guilty verdict would not necessarily be a death-sentence. The guilty party would have the chance to appeal to the court of appeals, and given the weak evidence (mentioned later), that appeal would be granted and moved into a higher level of judicial review. Another issue that Twelve Angry Men displays is Reginald Rose’s depiction of a diverse jury. The characters – who remain nameless except for their numbers – seem to have representatives from all spectrums of society. Such characters include: a sports-fanatic football coach, a former street-urchin, a Swiss-German immigrant, a doctor, an advertising agent, a self-made businessman, a bigot, and a level-headed representative of the â€Å"everyday American† to name a few. Eleven members of this diverse group of people, all with their own agenda (such as tickets to a ball game, or the desire to escape the un-air-conditioned room), immediately establish their biased, objective view of the accused youth by casting a â€Å"guilty† vote during the preliminary vote process. Only the level-headedness and determination to not condemn a youth so easily led one man to cast a not-guilty vote. Once the play reaches this point it relies on this one man to convince the other jurors to set aside their bias and examine the evidence before casting a guilty vote. Once again, all though the issue of bias is very likely to come up in genuine criminal trials, the use of these clashing characters is likely intended for dramatic effect. It is not the diversity of the jurors that makes the situation quite unlikely in a real criminal trial (because jurors are chosen at random from a Venire or list of randomly selected names from a Master Jury List and therefore given to diversity) but the fact that, as a rule, groups of people generally follow the majority and that one lonely level-headed juror (# 8) should not be able to convince them otherwise. If one does ignore that aspect then one still discovers later in the literature that many of the other jurors display a personal prejudice that influences their objectivity. For example, juror 10 exhibits a these people are dangerous outburst near the end functioning as outright bigotry. Other such jurors display a sense of past emotional scarring that influence their decisions only when touched by juror #8’s candor. This trial could immediately be dismissed as prejudicial error and therefore given to a retrial. Another interesting prejudice is the fact that most of the jurors characterize the accused youth through certain criminological theories. For example, this troubled teen has grown up in a poorer district, obviously right next to the El train; therefore he must have â€Å"turned out† bad. This is known as the Chicago School created by Clifford Shaw and Henry Mckay, which states that social disorganization (gangs, poor neighborhood, lack of decent educational facilities, etc†¦) causes criminal behavior in individuals. While this may present some grain of truth, the theory itself has not been proven to be undeniably correct in all circumstances thus the term â€Å"theory† rather than it being adopted as a law. On the issue of the incrimination of the accused youth, the twelve dissenting jurors (led by the level-headed juror #8) must reanalyze the evidence and witness testimonies provided by the court. At first glance, the evidence seems fairly damning to the accused: a unique murder weapon (switch-blade) that was supposedly bought by the rebellious teen, an overheard declaration- by an old man with a limp living below the duo- during a heated argument between the accused and the victim declaring that the teen would â€Å"kill him†, a poor-sighted woman who apparently saw the stabbing through a passing train, as well as a poor alibi given by the youth that he was at the movies, yet neglected to remember what was being shown. Without difficulty can one understand and justify the majority of the jury’s initial vote for a guilty verdict. But, would not taking the evidence at face value violate the founding principles of the United States criminal justice system? Condemning one to death with a casual glance at these evidences is neither about protecting the rights of the accused as a human being nor finding the truth to deal swift justice. Juror #8’s approach to the evidence is to illustrate that: On cases in which the death penalty is the consequence – jury, as objective citizens must decide whether or not a criminal charge can be proven to be fact. If the evidence of prosecutors does not determine that no other theory is possible, then who has the right to do anything but set the defendant free? In other words, the evidence provided could be displayed in a way that shows it was Possible that the defendant is innocent due to lack of undeniable evidence; therefore you cannot condemn the accused. This is relevant to the criminal justice system in several ways. For example, the fact that the dissenting jurors have to reevaluate these evidences even though it is clear that, while they do provide some sort of cases for the prosecution, the testimonies of handicapped people hardly is damning evidence. In a legitimate criminal trial, the defense would be able to employ a reasonable doubt tactic. The Defense attorney could easily prove by cross-examining the two witnesses’ stories and raise reasonable doubt as to the guilt or innocence, this derives from the fact that the old man’s testimony is hearsay evidence. While this may present a fairly weak case, this tactic would prove that the evidence and testimonies would not be absolutely conclusive to the accused youth’s apparent guilt.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

1997-1998 Asian financial crisis Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

1997-1998 Asian financial crisis - Term Paper Example Erroneously creditors usually thing the root of the crisis can be found in badly regulated financial systems or mismanaged exchange rates of the borrowing countries. On the other hand the debtor government tries to find financial help to make things easier with the social costs related to the crisis through forgiveness of the debt, new financing or rescheduling. Fortunately, the creditors and debtors are in equal circumstances when it comes to sharing responsibility of bad lending and all the problems do not fall on the borrowing country citizens. In the middle of the Asian crisis Malaysia disputed that the cause of the financial crisis was in growing financial integration and the reiteration might only be eliminated by reforms of the financial system on the international level. Considering the weakness of bargaining position and the will to bear the access to public and private credit flows, the governments of the debtor tend to make some typical adjustments in policy; their explicit lack of financial background is to guarantee this is the case. They might be interested or not in fulfilling all the amount of reforms sought by the institutions of finance such as IMF and creditors. More than that it is quite possible for the governments to show resistance to the reforms due to interest group and composite tension or just due to origin and na ture of political organizations and the overall process of making decisions. Causes of the Crisis. The economy of Thailand displayed a significant rise path for more than ten-year period before the crisis began in 1997. The account deficit at that time slightly exceeded 5% and the high increase gave birth to budget excess for a number of years. Simultaneously, huge capital inflows were piled up along with a differential high interest rate and under the regime of fixed exchange rate, including deregulation

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Arbitration Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Arbitration - Assignment Example O’Connell are of equal argument, this implies that the teacher failed his stance on the burden of proof. In short, the tie moves to the defendant as he does not have to provide proof of anything. Therefore, the defense in such a case can freely poke flaws in the plaintiff’s case. If the teacher-student were to successfully prove of the wrongs done against him in the punishment, then the case must be accepted as true by the arbitrator. This would mean that the case is beyond reasonable doubt. The size and task carried by the gym teacher are of relevance to the case as Mr. O’Connell testified that the student pushed him. Averaging from the size of most seventh-grade students, a mature adult is no match for such. Therefore, this should not have been a justification to lift the student from the back in a harassing manner. Again, as an African-American, the student’s orientation is worth concern to the incident. Mr. O’connel should have his past reviewed of his encounters with other students of such race. It could reveal a trend probably missed in the investigation. The administration’s take on Mr. O’Connell past discipline cases that went unpunished are also of relevance to the case. The classification of discipline cases by the administration should also be evaluated. Questions must also be raised on the possibility that he has had similar or worse scenarios that have gone untold by students for fear of suspension or such threats. Mr. O’Connell was unjust. In an arbitrator’s point of view, the student’s past ought also to be the question, the background, and emotional stress should be evaluated. Given that the conversation between the student and Mr. O’Connell before Mr. Smith’s arrival was not document, this leaves flaws questioning the eligibility of the generalization to the term obscenities. Could it have been possible that the teacher triggered the harsh conversation or was it the student? African American students have a

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Alternative education Essay Example for Free

Alternative education Essay To study and acquire knowledge would be a simple way to define education today. Being educated is to gain more skill in every aspect of life. While being educated or getting your education you create habits, learn values, discover new skills, and develop appreciation for your culture or others. We become educated so we can live more satisfying lives and be productive members to our society. We as people today attain our education in many ways. We go to school through our entire lives but that is not the only education we need in life. That is just being book smart, while that is important to help place you in your career they’re many other things to become educated on in life. To have survival skills or social skills, to learn respect for others or for yourself is all retained from parents or yourself. We learn to speak the proper way by our teachers at school and we learn how to write with correct grammar from going to school, but I believe our parents teach us the right time to say those words we learned. There are 5 types of schools and 3 types of learning. Public school which is the most popular schooling according to Jennings, he stated that in 2009, 90% of the population was attending public school while the other 10% were attending private. Home school where you stay at home and learn by either your parents or another teacher qualified to teach the material to you. This schooling is usually for people who are not capable of doing as well with large groups of people. There’s also charter schools, where you are accepted to go there and you get the benefits  of a private school but do not pay the tuition. Virtual school which is just an online school where Mantuano 2 everything you would do in a school you do right on your computer. The last type of school which isn’t reading books and how to pronounce something and add numbers is the school of Hard Knox! The school of life, how to live it, what your morals are and what you have been given from all the other ways of education and how you’ll let it affect you. The 3 types of learning are cognitive where you think and reason effectively. There is affective learning where you develop moral or spiritual values you retain a healthy attitude and have strong emotions. You also learn how to use your muscular and mechanical skills which are psychomotor skills. Gender, race, and your ethnicity I believe used to have a bigger impact on education than it does today. It still does effect education by the way parents will teach certain morals to their kids, what kids will believe since we all have different religious beliefs and everything. With  gender, girls used to have a lot less power to men, what men said went and today that has changed. I feel we have created more equal rights throughout life with education. Before different races couldn’t even attend the same school and we see that in our everyday life now. I feel that these things do have effect on education but not in all the serious ways it used to more in just the ethnicity of people and what they believe and how they will go about their lives with their morals they have received from themselves or their parents.

Friday, November 15, 2019

Sharing Pirated MP3’s :: File Sharing Essays

Sharing Pirated MP3’s The sharing of MP3 music and its legality is a major issue in our legal system at this time. It has been a battle in the courts for several years now. It all began with the legendary downfall of the original bad boy of sharing, Napster. Despite the legal actions of the music industry, the file sharing community continues to thrive. Millions of users still log on to a handful of programs and illegally trade MP3’s and other computer programs. College students are suspected to be one of the major culprits of People to People file sharing. A survey was conducted in order to obtain an understanding of why students of James Madison University would use People to People sharing programs. More importantly, it was to gain insight into the ethical outlook of students in concern to the sharing of MP3 music files. The survey attempts to determine why, in light of the ethical issue and possible legal repercussions, do JMU students still trade illegally pirated music? The survey was composed of ten multiple choice questions and administered to twenty random students. The students were taken from various areas around the campus in order to obtain a wide variety of responses. It sought to have respondents who were of various age, race, and sex. The surveys were handed out in a classroom, a dining hall, and an events committee meeting for the University Programming Board. Students remained anonymous to the administer and their confidentiality was assured. Most of the students filled out the survey with relative ease and only had to debate on a couple of the questions. Several students were kind enough to give a few extra minutes of their time for various follow up questions. I began to ask students which questions gave them the most trouble. Many felt the last question, asking if downloading MP3’s for free is ethical, was the most thought provoking question. Nineteen of the twenty students surveyed downloaded MP3’s. Fourteen said they felt it was unethical to download the MP3’s, yet most of them continue to download. The question seemed to stimulate an ethical debate inside the respondents of which they had trouble answering. A vast majority of the students simply do not care about pushing ethics aside and continue to download pirated music.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Percy Jackson and the Lightning Theif Essay

Percy Jackson and the Lightning Thief is an amazing book (in my opinion) that was created by Rick Riordan. I enjoyed this book a lot because of all the detain that Mr. Riordan had put into the book and with all of the facts about Ancient Greek myths, I picked it out in the first place because I had became really interested in finding out about different cultures which included Greece . The main character, Percy Jackson, lives in New York city with his mother, Sally Jackson & his lazy step-father, Gabe Ugliano. Later on in the story, Percy finds himself living in Camp Half-Blood with his best friend, Grover Underwood. Camp Half-Blood is for children with Greek Godly parents. All children who go to the camp have ADHD & Dyslexia. The camp is on Long Island Sound and is funded by a strawberry farm that the camp takes care of. I think that the book is placed in the modern days. You can figure it out because in the camp, you are forbidden from bringing any electronics, such as cell phones since it can easily attract monsters. One of the main events in the book is when Percy and his class are on a field trip to the Museum of Natural History. As his history teacher, Mr.  Brunner babbles on about the museum, Ms. Dodds (a teacher who came along) pulls Percy away from the group and into the Roman & Greek center. Just after entering the room (no one else is in there), Ms. Dodds turns into this hideous monster with glowing red eyes, wings & long fingers. Obviously, she wasn’t human. Ms. Dodds lunges at Percy (who was still confused and shocked) until Mr. Brunner comes running into the room. The history teacher throws a pen at Percy and out comes a sword that Mr. Brunner used in class during special events. Percy kills Ms.  Dodds after that (she turns into gold dust) and later returns to the school bus. Nobody in his class remembers Ms. Dodds & when Percy asked Grover, he looked very nervous before replying. Obviously, something was going on. A second major event is when Percy and his mom go to Montauk & stay in a cabin at the beach where his mother and father had met. Later at night, a hurricane is starting to form & Grover suddenly shows up with (as Percy describes it) â€Å"Shag carpet pants on† . Grover urges Percy and his mom to leave immediately &the three of them hop into Sally’s car. Percy soon learns that Grover is actually a satyr though he had called him a â€Å"half-goat† at first which offended Grover. As their car speeds away from the cabin, a strike of lightening hits the car which makes the car swivel into a ditch giving them an image of a beast of some sort charging towards their car. The three of them escape the car and run (Though Grover was unconscious). The beast was actually a minotaur (half-man, half-bull) and it ‘kills’ Sally. Percy builds up his strength and pulls out it’s horn and stabs it, turning it into dust. He soon passes out. That event gave Percy the urge to go rescue is mother from the Underworld. . Later in the story, Percy finds out who his father really is. The camp decides to play capture the flag. Percy is assigned to patrol a small creek by Annabeth Chase (daughter of Athena) & is suddenly attacked by a group of Ares children, Clarisse La Rue & her siblings. They came back for revenge because he had humiliated her and her siblings by shooting toilet water in their faces just as Clarisse was about to shove his face into the toilet. Clarisse charges at Percy with her electric spear given to her as a gift and Percy stumbles into the creek. Instead of feeling weak, he suddenly feels a sudden surge of power go through his r his head. â€Å"Poseidon. . . Earth shaker, Storm binger, Father of horses, Hail Perseus Jackson. son of the Sea God. † body. â€Å"But then something happened. The water seemed to wake my senses, as if I’d just had a bag of my mom’s double-espresso jelly beans† . Percy, suddenly feeling a lot of strength, fights back against Clarisse & her siblings until they are all defeated. Percy even snaps Clarisse’s spear in half. Luke Castellan (son of Hermes) captures the flag for Percy’s team & Percy tries to step out of the water, suddenly feeling weak again. Suddenly, a â€Å"black hound the size of a rhino, with lava-red eyes and fangs like daggers† appears out of nowhere and attacks Percy, ripping through his armour. Chiron (Aka: Mr. Brunner and centaur) shoots several arrows at it and Percy staggers back into the water and an image of a trident appears ove Another main event is when Percy finds out who had stolen Zeus’ Master & Hades Helm of Darkness before returning to camp half-blood, Percy had gotten into fight with Ares, the God of War. The war God had given Percy a backpack in the beginning of his quest & inside of it was Zeus’ bolt the entire time. Ares confesses that he stole the Helm of Darkness and Lightning Bolt from the original thief, planning on making a war between Hades & Zeus. Percy and Ares get into a fight & Percy eventually wins, earning the Helm of Darkness, A helmet of Hades that was stolen from him. Percy, Annabeth & Grover fly to New York from California to return the bolt to Mt. Olympus on the top of Empire State Building. Percy returns the lightning bolt alone while Annabeth & Grover go back to the camp. After returning the bolt, Percy meets his father and who had acknowledged him as his son. Percy returns to Camp Half-Blood as a hero & at the end of summer, Luke Castellan confesses to Percy that he had stolen the bolt & helm before attempting to kill him with a scorpion. Luke runs away while Percy is saved by a group of wood nymphs . The main character is of course, Percy Jackson . He is described fairly tall, good looking with bright green eyes and jet black hair. Percy is introduced as a troubled twelve year old. His green eyes often remind his mother of his father. Percy is considered very troubled. He gets irritated when called by his first name which is ‘Perseus’ and has been expelled from every single school that he had been to. Throughout the book, Percy becomes stronger in both physical and mental ways. He becomes more brave, confident, and learns that he is a natural leader. Percy is also very willing to risk his life for others. He showed that trait by journeying to the underworld to get his mother back. Percy hopes that he can bring back Zeus’ Master Bolt & get his mother back before it’s too late. Percy is described the protagonist in the book while the antagonist isn’t exactly shown until later in the book. While Percy, Annabeth and Grover do the best they can while out on the quest, Luke Castellan was the unsuspecting villain. Luke always acted nice towards Percy, trying to get close. When he had given Percy flying shoes to help him in the quest, Luke had meant it to lead Percy to his death. Overall, I enjoyed this book a lot and I give it a nine out of ten. The book is filled with lots of adventure (there’s never a dull moment) comedy & things that people now a days would consider, ‘fake’ or ‘untrue’ even though it is very interesting. I recommend this book to all ages but a bit more to people ages 10 to 12, even teenagers. I recommend it around that age because that’s around the age where you start to become more curious about things out there in the world. You start to become more open and realize what you really are interested in and Percy Jackson and The Lightning Thief is a great book to realize what types of book genre you’re interested in & it helps show you that there is always a hidden potential inside of you.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Review of related studies on library service in the Philippines Essay

Library has increased with the complexity of our society. The rapid growth of technology has meant that many gadgets and equipment have appeared and continuous progress of the world the help of the Science and Technology. Library is considered the heart of the school it is expected to be taken care of for its normal functioning day by day. Many students, workers, and researchers need varies value information that are provided by the library and giving them important data that they need. At the same time libraries are progressing as the whole world progress. The world we live it seems so easier now because of the fast growing high technology that were given by the inventors. In the same phase of this statement, we have to aim the perception of the students in a particular library, are they satisfied regarding the services provided by the library, and are they comfortable. Library is derived from the French word â€Å"librairie† in Latin â€Å"liber† means book. It is an organized collection of information resources made accessible to a defined community for reference. It provides physical or digital access to material, and may be a physical building or room, or a virtual space, or both. A library’s collection can include books, periodicals, newspapers, manuscripts, films, maps, prints, documents, microforms, CDs, cassettes, video tapes, DVDs, e-books, audio books, database, and other formats. A library is organized for use and maintained by a public body, an institution, a corporation, or a private individual. Public and institutional collections and services may be intended for use by people who chose not to — or cannot afford to — purchase an extensive collection themselves, who need material no individual can reasonably be expected to have, or who require professional assistance with their research. In addition libraries are expected with provision to ensure maximum and availability of collection of all references needed, there by showing the satisfactory use of the library materials through adequate range and quality services. Administration should enforced proper coordination between the faculty and the library staffs in promoting effective use of library resources by the students. Modern libraries are increasingly being redefined as places to get unrestricted access to information in many formats and from many sources. They are extending services beyond the physical walls of a building, by providing material accessible by electronic means, and by providing the assistance of librarians in navigating and analyzing very large amounts of information with a variety of digital tools. In the Philippines, the national library can trace its history to the establishment of the Museo-Biblioteca de Filipinas (Museum-Library of the Philippines), established by royal order of the Spanish government on August 12, 1887. It opened on October 24, 1891 at the Casa de la Monedain Intramuros, then home of the Philippine Mint, with around 100 volumes and with both Julian Romero and Benito Perdiguero as director and archivist-librarian, respectively. Romero resigned in 1893 and was briefly replaced by Tomas Torres of the Escuela de Artes y Ofà ­cios in Bacolor, Pampanga (now the Don Honorio Ventura College of Arts and Trades), who in turn was replaced by Don Pedro A. Paterno on March 31, 1894. By that time, the library had moved to a site in Quiapo near the present site of the Masjid Al-Dahab. Later on, Paterno published the first issue of the BoletindelMuseo-Bibliotecade Filipinas (Bulletin of the Museum-Library of the Philippines) on January 15, 1895. The Museo-Biblioteca was abolished upon the onset of the America colonization of the Philippines. By the time of its abolition, the library held around 1,000 volumes and averaged around 25-30 visitors a day. The entire collection would later be transferred at Paterno’s expense to his own private library, of which some books would form the basis for the Filipiniana collection of subsequent incarnations of the national library. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library) In the University of Cagayan Valley, library offers student’s service such as informational service, Wi-Fi connection, and internet connection. In this way, the University of Cagayan Valley is getting for the best in uplifting the quality and training  of the students as the costumers of the institution. The University of Cagayan Valley operates with the open shelves and internet system. Book holdings are classified according to the Dewey decimal classification schemed, it consists of different section namely; the general reference section; periodicals; reserve section; circulation; filipiniana and reading room. Many students found it difficult to utilize the services just like the BSMT students perceptions in the library regarding of their services which in the internet system there are no printing machine provided to the students that they can use therefore, this is one of the reason which struck the researcher’s decision to conduct a research in order to know and evaluate how tertiary students perceive in the delivery of services of the library. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusions as well as the recommendations Summary of Findings: 1. Age – The frequency highest frequency of BSMT students from 2nd – 3rd year was 18 years old followed by 17, 19, 20, 21, and the last is 22. 2. Gender – The majority was male having percentage of 90% while the female is 10% only. 3. Civil Status – All respondents was single. 4. Religion – The Roman Catholic is the highest frequency having percentage of 97% and 3% only for the other religion. 5. Students – There 509 BSMT students from 2nd – 3rd Year of the University of Cagayan Valley and only 100 students who were chosen through random sampling. Conclusion: The data gathered showed by this study pertaining to the respondents profile were contributive to the effectiveness of the subject under the study. From the findings of the study, it could be further concluded that the perception of the BSMT students on the services of the library of UCV is often. BIBLIOGRAOHY Serafin D. Quiazon, â€Å"Reflecting of the Staff Development of the National Library†, Bulletin of the National Library association. NIV (March-June 1972) p. 8. Ferdinand Marcos, 46th General Conference International Federation of library Association and Institution. (Manila: IFLA, 1980), p. 5. Philippine Library Association, Bulletin of the Philippine Library Association. Vol. 7, Nos, 1-4. P. 53. Dr. Lino Arquiza, â€Å"The administrators Role in Developing Library Service†. p.2(114 JPL 27 (1&2): pp. 109-150) Veranda C. Sernande, May 2004, LIBRARY RESOURCE, FACILITIES AND SERVICES OF THE PRIVATE HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTION ON THE CAGAYAN VALLEY REGION (Dissertation). Denny, Carolyn Ann King, A survey of User’s Attitudes Towards the Resources and Sources of the Three University Libraries in Saudi Arabia, Dissertation Abstract International, 55 (1995) Internet Resource http://www.studymode.com/essays/Review-Of-Related-Studies-1320212.html http://nnlm.gov/mar/about/valuerelated.html http://www.studymode.com/essays/Review-Of-Related-Studies-1397981.html Title: Production Scheduling for Manufacturing Execution System Author: Steï ¬â‚¬en Lamparter, Lars Jordan Farzana Shafique, Islamia University, Bahawalpur. http://www.studymode.com/essays/Review-Of-Related-Studies-1397981.html http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/~mbolin/baskaran.htm http://paarl.wikispaces.com/file/view/Evaluation+of+Standards+for+Acad+Libraries.pdf Title: AN EVALUATION OF STANDARDS FOR   

Friday, November 8, 2019

Great Depression Essays (593 words) - Sports, Boxing, Film

Great Depression Essays (593 words) - Sports, Boxing, Film Great Depression Cut wages, growing unemployment, poverty, and suffering were unforgettable experiences during the Great Depression of the thirties. Many people learned to face these hard times with the help of famous sports figures. They gave hope and to many people pride in what they stood for to them. One of these great sports figures who helped Americans was boxer Joe Louis. In 1936 he fought the world champion Max Schmeling and had his first lose. Max Schmeling was a German boxer and the Nazis equated his victory over Joe Louis as a Nazi superiority over American democracy. Once again the two boxers, Joe Louis and Max Schmeling, fought in 1938 and this time Joe Louis won in the first round. This was an enormous lift for Americans. It was a victory for democracy. Joe Louis was also an inspiration to the African American people. He was a famous African American boxer and had beaten a German boxer who was as Hitler believed the perfect race. This gave the African Americans self-respect and pride in who they were. African Americans pointed with pride to athletes like Joe Louis, who was the world heavyweight boxing champion. (Cayton, Perry, Winkler, 764 ) Louis also went on to become a hero for the war effort and gave inspirational speeches. Jesse Owens great accomplishments on the track field made him one of the most famous in history. While on the Ohio State University track team in 1935 he set a world record in the broad jump (26 feet 8 1/4 ). In 1936 he set a new world record in the 100m. dash,(10.2 sec.). In 1936 as a member of the U.S. track team at the Olympic games in Berlin, Jesse Owens won four gold medals and set more new world records. This is an important moral buster to the American people, white and black, because once again it showed Nazis were not a superior race. An African American man had won four gold medals. This was humiliating and angered Adolf Hitler . His paramont victory at the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin was made even more memorable when Adolf Hitler refused to award Owens his four gold medals because he was black. ( Encyclopedia 97 ) This was as much a victory for the American people as for Owens. It was especially important to the African Americans because it was an acknowledgement of his Olympic victories because he was black. Owens also helped the community by playing an active role in the youth athletic programs. An important athlete to the women of the thirties was Babe Didrikson Zaharias, the greatest woman athlete in the first half of the twentieth century... (encyclopedia 97) She excelled in every sport she played, swimming, basketball, track and field, and golf. In the 1932 Olympic games she set records in the javelin throw and the 80m. hurdle. Between 1936 and 1954 she won every woman's golf tournament she entered. Babe Didrikson was a ray of light for women who until this time really hadnt been able to really take part in sports. It made women proud and gave them someone to look up to. In conclusion the thirties were hard times but thanks to many great sport figures like Joe Louis, Jesse Owens, and Babe Didrikson Zaharias life had some moments of great pride and joy. People were allowed to feel good about themselves whether they were black, white, or woman. They gave us recognition as a united group, Americans who were notice around the world.

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

The Relative Uncertainty Formula and How to Calculate It

The Relative Uncertainty Formula and How to Calculate It The relative uncertainty or relative error  formula is used to calculate the uncertainty of a measurement compared to the size of the measurement. It is calculated as: relative uncertainty absolute error / measured value If a measurement is taken with respect to a standard or known value, calculate as follows: relative uncertainty absolute error / known value Absolute error is the range of measurements in which the true value of a measurement likely lies. While absolute error carries the same units as the measurement, relative error has no units or else is expressed as a percent. Relative uncertainty is often represented using the lowercase Greek letter delta, ÃŽ ´. The importance of relative uncertainty is that it puts error in measurements into perspective. For example, an error of /- 0.5 cm may be relatively large when measuring the length of your hand, but very small when measuring the size of a room. Examples of Relative Uncertainty Calculations Three 1.0 gm weights are measured at 1.05 g, 1.00 g, and 0.95 g. The absolute error is  ± 0.05 g.The relative error (ÃŽ ´) of your measurement is 0.05 g/1.00 g 0.05 or 5%. A chemist measured the time required for a chemical reaction and found the value to be 155 /- 0.21 hours. The first step is to find the absolute uncertainty: absolute uncertainty 0.21 hoursrelative uncertainty Δt / t 0.21 hours / 1.55 hours 0.135 The value 0.135 has too many significant digits, so it is shortened (rounded) to 0.14, which can be written as 14% (by multiplying the value times 100%). The relative uncertainty (ÃŽ ´) in the measurement for the reaction time is: 1.55 hours /- 14% Sources   Golub, Gene, and Charles F. Van Loan. Matrix Computations – Third Edition. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.Helfrick, Albert D., and William David Cooper. Modern Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement Techniques. Prentice Hall, 1989.

Sunday, November 3, 2019

The Great Depression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

The Great Depression - Essay Example When, on that Black Monday, the stock market did actually crash, and when bankruptcies and layoffs followed on its heels, the country was unprepared-due to ideology as well as limited governmental infrastructure-to deal with the economic repercussions. All signs pointed to a booming American economy in the 1920s. Between the years of 1925 and 1929, the number of factories, shops, and other establishments of production rose from 183,900 to 206,700, better than a ten percent increase; the value of the products coming out of those establishments rose similarly, from $60.8 billion to $68 billion (Galbraith, 2). In addition, the number of new cars rolling off the assembly line rose from 4,301,000 in 1926 to 5,358,000 in 1929 (Galbraith, 2). The power of the American dollar was such that it was in constant circulation; Americans were making money at a faster rate than ever, and they were spending it at a faster rate as well. In addition to the unprecedented growth in the production factor, the question for many middle-class Americans came to be what they should do with their newfound surplus. The Twenties provided no shortage of opportunities in this regard. ... Higher incomes and better transportation were making it increasingly accessible to the frost-bound North. The time indeed was coming when the annual flight to the South would be as regular and impressive as the migration of the Canada Goose" (Galbraith, 3). Indeed the potential for making money was so great in Florida that speculation ran rampant; properties, often swamp land and nowhere near the ocean, could be purchased for a mere 10% down payment, and by 1925, empty lots were trading for many thousands of dollars, based exclusively on the assumption that they would some day be worth a great deal to developers (Galbraith, 4-5). The stock market was another popular investment opportunity. The New York Times securities index averaged, at the time, the prices of twenty-five "good, sound stocks with regular price changes and generally active markets," usually industrials (Galbraith, 7). The average price for those stocks rose steadily and dramatically throughout the Twenties, from $106 in May of 1924 to $245 at the end of 1927, and they continued rising (Galbraith, 7-9). The culmination of these factors lulled Americans into a sense of false security. Somehow, it seems, the prevailing opinion was that success and prosperity would continue; it was seen as the ultimate fulfillment of the American dream. Only the markets could not support the growth; investment and speculation had overvalued stocks, commodities, and real estate. Production would wane, layoffs would occur, and America, precisely because of its blind adherence to this dogma of optimism, would find itself stricken and unprepared to deal with the cons equences. In the aftermath of the stock market crash, it became apparent quite quickly that the country was not ready for an economic

Friday, November 1, 2019

Business Writing Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Writing Portfolio - Essay Example The above is, owing mostly to rising gas prices. The Gas prices are unlikely to go down in the near future. Instead, a further rise is expected in the next few months. In order to address the above problem, we feel a need for you to make certain adjustments in your day to day operations. The adjustments are expected to be such that the employees working in the various shifts are allowed to exercise the choice to work lesser hours a day or per week. You may explore the possibilities for the same keeping into account the number of duty roaster change requests you have received in the past few months. We are gladly willing to extend any kind of support and guidance in the matter. Although you are well aware, it is important to point out at this juncture that no new stores are being opened and no stores are being closed down. Thus, the level of competition is expected to remain same. Further, we invite your suggestions on how to address the problem better. You may mail your suggestions a s soon as possible through email or phone on any of the workdays, between 10am through 5pm. Thank you. Warmest regards, XYZ.. Manager Public relations, ABC retail group Message2: Store Employees: A business memo MEMO   To: (Employee Name)   From: (Your name)   Date: (current date)   Subject: Changes in work schedule This is to bring to your notice a change in work schedule that is being planned in next few days. The purpose of this memo is to inform you about the reasons and ways to do so. As you must be aware, owing to rising gas prices, we are experiencing a fall in profits. Besides, you as an employee also must be feeling the strain on your finances due to the same. We have decided to make it less so by allowing you to modify your work schedule and suggest the same to those responsible in your respective sections/departments for planning your duties. The objective is to allow you easy sanction of leaves and also flexible working hours, so that occasional overstaffing can be effectively managed. Full time employees will be allowed to exchange their working hours with any willing full time or part time employees, such that it does not violate the stipulated total number of working hours. This will help consolidate working hours and will require less time and cost in transportation to and from your home to work. To start with you shall work on †¦.(days) for †¦..hours with flexibility to exchange these hours with willing partners with written permission from your section head. The store shall open on Sundays and you are required to work at least four hours this Sunday. You may compensate this with a leave on any other weekday. Message 3: Retail customers: An email message Dear Customer, We are thankful to you for your continued support and loyalty to our retail brand. As part of our constant endeavor to bring the best to our customers, we have planned certain new initiatives that we shall unfold in the coming weeks. Our stores shall be open mo re hours now, so that you may get more time to experience your favorite brand and buy your favorite products at the ongoing deals you always loved. We have introduced more self help counters at the stores, so that you may get relevant product information promptly and require minimal help from our very courteous

Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Project 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Project 2 - Essay Example Precipitation concentration is more in the summers and spring seasons and more often accompanied with thunderstorms and tornadoes. Light snowfall is experienced. Lincoln is subjected to harsh cold and continuous heat waves in winter and summer respectively. Although, the average monthly temperature ranges from 22.4 °F in January, while 77.8  °F in July. The weather extremes has been observed to be persistent for 14 nights in winter below 0  °F, 40 days beyond 90  °F, and above 100  °F for 5 days (Weather forecast, 2012). The greatest temperature difference between New York and Lincoln is 3.25  °C while it is 13.25  °C between Lincoln and Las Vegas (Weather forecast, 2012). Latitude is a determinant of climate of an area in a way that the areas closer to equator have warm climate while those located far from it have cold climate. All of the given stations are located to the North of equator, Las Vegas being nearest of all experiences more temperature than other two. Alti tude is also a determinant of climate. The higher the altitude of a region, the colder is the climate and vice versa. Among the chosen stations, New York city has the least altitude while Las Vegas the highest. However, the weather forecast result show that the variation in temperature is not solely due to one factor. The closer an area located to a vast body of water, the more temperate will be the climate. Among the given three stations, New York City’s weather is more warm and humid due to its near proximity to Atlantic Ocean. While Lincoln experience dry summer as there is no close proximity to water body. Las Vegas being a desert experience dry and hot summers. On choosing the weather in any other season the temperature will show a different pattern. In winters, Lincoln is expected to be the coldest of all three. Part C. Local Geography Answer 1 The city chosen is Lincoln which is second most populous city of Nebraska State in United States of America. Lincoln is also th e capital of Lancaster country. Geographically studied, the city is located at 40 °48?35?N 96 °40?31?W (Lincoln, NE Population and Races, 2010). The statistics of United States Census Bureau tells that total area which is covered by Lincoln city is 75.4 square miles (195 km2) where 0.7 square miles is water and remaining 74.6 square miles is of land (Lincoln, NE Population and Races, 2010). The area code of Lincoln, NE is 402 which cover most geographic area of the city. According to 2010 statistics, the city’s total population is 258,379 which is increased by 14.54% that was in 2000. The population density of Lincoln, NE is approximately 2,859.42 (people per square mile) and the growth rate of population is 14.54%which is higher than the Nebraska State’s average rate of approximately 6.72% (United States Census Bureau, 2010). The most dominant race is white representing 72.1% of the city’s total population. The Hispanic Population consists most of Mexican 7 4.61% of total Hispanic population. Other Hispanic groups include Cuban Puerto Rican, Central American and South American (Lincoln, NE Population and Races, 2010). Answer 2 In business pages section, I found approximately 52 business that has included â€Å"

Monday, October 28, 2019

Intermediate Accounting Essay Example for Free

Intermediate Accounting Essay Nicholas Inc. is in need of a new punch press to increase its production output. Their company policy is to have the purchasing department obtain 3 different vendor bids for any major purchases. The engineering department of Nicholas Inc. has determined that each of the three vendor’s punch presses is substantially identical and each has an estimated useful life of 20 years. Maintenance on the machine is performed at year-end. With a cost of capital of 10%, it is our job to determine which vendor to purchase the new machine from. The engineering department has determined the annual maintenance expense associated with the punch press to be $1000 per year for the first five years, $2000 per year for the next 10 years and $3000 per year for the last five years. To calculate the present value of these accumulated costs you need to calculate the present value of an ordinary annuity of $1,000 for the first five periods plus the present value of an ordinary annuity of $2,000 in periods 6 thru 15 plus the present value of an ordinary annuity in periods 16 thru 20. This is equal to: =1000 x PV of OA + 2000 x PV of OA + 3000 x PV of OA =1000 x 3.79079 + 2000 x (7.60608-3.79079) + 3000 x (8.51356-7.60608) =$14,143.81 The value of the punch press from Vendor A is equal to $55,000 in cash at delivery and 10 year end payments of $18,000 each. To calculate the present value of the purchase, you need to calculate the present value of an ordinary annuity of $18,000 plus the initial payment of $55,000. This in preset value is equal to: =55000 + 18000 x PV of OA =55000 + 18000 x 6.14457 =$165,602.26 Vendor A offers a separate 20-year maintenance service contract valued at $10000 made at the initial purchase. This would save the company $4,143.81 in maintenance costs over the life of the press. Including maintenance costs associated with this punch press, the total amount of money spent on this machine in present day dollars would be $175,602.26 The value of the punch press from Vendor B is equal to forty semiannual payments of $9,500 each, with the first payment due at the time of delivery. To determine the cost in present value dollars, you find the present value of an annuity due of $9500 for 40 periods at 5%, which is equal to: =9500 x PV of AD =9500 x (17.15909 x 1.05) =$171,161.92 Vendor B will perform all year-end maintenance associated with the press at no additional cost, so the present value amount spent on the equipment would be $171,161.92 The value of the punch press from Vendor C is equal to $150,000 cash at the initial time of delivery. Since no annual maintenance package is offered from Vendor C, we must assume the cost of maintenance will be equal to what the engineering department had determined above. The present value dollar costs associated with the purchase of the press from Vendor C is $164,143.81. Nicholas Inc. should use Vendor C to purchase the new punch press. Using present value dollars to determine how much the press will cost today, Vendor C offers the cheapest purchase price for the machine. One factor other than the price of the equipment Nicholas Inc. should consider is the balance in their cash account. Do they have a large enough balance to cover the large initial payment of $150,000? Also, if they do have enough cash on hand to make a $150,000 initial purchase, will this result in Nicholas Inc. being short on the cash that it needs for other normal expenses like payroll, utilities and raw materials purchases? If a cash shortfall would result from purchasing the press from Vendor C, then Nicholas Inc. may be forced to use Vendor B who offers a financing plan but will result in them paying more in present value dollars for the press. The most recent concept statement that deals with present value measurements in accounting is the Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 7, Using Cash Flow Information and Present Value in Accounting Measurements. This was issued in February of 2000. When observable dollar amounts are not available to determine the value of an asset or liability, accountants often turn to estimated cash flows to determine the carrying value of the asset or liability in question. Since those cash flows usually occur in one or more future periods, present value concepts of the future cash flows are used to determine the value of the asset or liability. The goal here is to determine the difference in value between these cash flows if they were received today and when they are received in the future. Examples of assets and liabilities that would use present value concepts to determine their carrying value are notes payable, bonds payable, notes receivable and bonds receivable. The following are key terms related to present value and its use in accounting measurement practices. Best estimate is the single most likely amount in a range of possible estimated amounts. Estimated cash flow refers to a single amount to be received or paid in the future. Expected cash flow refers to the probability-weighed amounts in a range of possible estimated amounts to be received or paid in the future. A fresh-start measurement is when the value of an asset or a liability is re-evaluated after its original period of valuation. Some fresh-start measurements are performed every period while others occur only after a certain situation or â€Å"trigger† occurs. Interest methods of allocation refers to the process companies use to adjust the book value of assets or liabilities when their values have previously been determined using present value techniques. Interest methods of allocation will be used to determine the carrying value of the punch press for Nicholas Inc in future periods. Estimated cash outflows associated with each vendor were the basis to determine which vendor had the cheapest present value price of the equipment. [ 1 ]. FASB, Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 7, Using Cash Flow Information and Present Value in Accounting Measurements, Paragraph 1. February 2000. [ 2 ]. FASB, Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 7, Using Cash Flow Information and Present Value in Accounting Measurements, February 2000.